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Over the summer, I’m drawing from the early months of this blog and reposting the key principles and strategies.
These foundational posts ground much of what was to follow; revisiting them will give new readers insight into the basic orientation of the blog and will give regular readers a reminder of where we started.
In this post, I talk about making effective transitions. This topic gets further elaborated in these later posts: Semicolons; Colons; Lists; Signposting and Metadiscourse; and Full Stop.
TRANSITIONS
This week’s topic is another key strategy: making effective transitions.
A lack of comfort with making transitions is one of the causes of the short paragraphs I mentioned last week; when we do not know how to make smooth transitions, we are more likely to add in unnecessary paragraph breaks, imagining that starting a new paragraph will solve the problem. But creating short, choppy paragraphs only exacerbates the problem.
Instead, we must focus on creating effective transitions between sentences, which we generally do in one of two ways: we use transition words or we use textual linkages.
Both strategies have a role to play, but novice writers, unfortunately, often see transition words as their only way of moving from sentence to sentence.
This over-reliance on transition words is actually detrimental to our writing and blinds us to the possibility of using textual linkages to create more meaningful connections between sentences.
Transition words are easy and thus allow us to avoid the hard work of grasping the actual connections in our texts. Indeed, texts full of transition words may actually feel choppy because unnecessary transition words can obscure the true nature of the relationship among sentences.
I promise to return to this rich topic in detail in future posts, but for now I will just give a few key principles:
1. Avoid unclear reference
The single most important way of linking your sentences is through clear reference. Contrast these two simple examples:
‘A is connected to B. This is …’
‘A is connected to B. This connection is …’.
Without the summary word (‘connection’), we cannot tell whether the
‘this’ in the first example refers to A, to B, or to the connection
between them. We call the pattern shown in the second example ‘this +
summary word’. There will be times, of course, when the reference is
obvious, but generally the reader needs to have reference made explicit.
So a simple principle: never leave a ‘this’ orphaned and alone.2. Avoid unnecessary transition words
The transition words most likely to fall into this category are the additive ones: ‘in addition’, ‘also’, ‘moreover’, ‘furthermore’ (both ‘moreover’ and ‘furthermore’ can be correctly used as intensifiers - where one sentence deepens the claim of the previous one - but they are so often used to indicate simple addition that I am including them here). My first approach to a word like ‘also’ is to remove it; if you are using it to say ‘here comes another related point’, it is probably unnecessary. If you are instead trying to make a more complicated connection, removing ‘also’ and adding a more substantive indication of that link will be far more helpful to the reader.
3. Avoid the mere appearance of causality
When we overuse causal words, we often undermine the actual connection we could be making. When we say ‘A exists. Therefore, I am going to study A.’, we are missing a chance to give an actual rationale for our research. Look closely at your use of causal words (‘therefore’, ‘thus’, ‘hence’) and make sure that they accurately reflect the relationship you are trying to convey.
4. Use transition words to indicate a change of direction in your text
Whenever we are disagreeing with ourselves, it is essential that we indicate this to the reader. Consider these simple examples:
‘There is plentiful evidence for A. I think not-A.’
‘There is plentiful evidence for A. However, I think not-A.’
The first example sounds like you might be unintentionally
contradicting yourself; emphasizing your intentions with a ‘but’ or
‘however’ lets the reader know what you are up to.I will also make two quick points about other types of transitions.
Paragraph transitions generally need to be more robust than those between sentences. This can mean that ‘this + summary word’ becomes ‘this + summary phrase’, where the phrase is a fuller indication of what was discussed in the previous paragraph. It also means that transition words are often out of place in paragraph transitions precisely because they create such a tight relationship. There are, of course, exceptions to this, but as a general rule words or phrases like ‘however’, ‘in other words’, or ‘furthermore’ may puzzle the reader when they appear at the start of the paragraph; at the very least, they may send the reader back to the previous paragraph and that is not the direction in which you want to be pointing your reader.
Transitions between sections are a different issue again. Transitions between sections can be made in several ways: at the end of one section, at the beginning of another, or at an earlier point at which an overall structure is created (for instance, in a literature review, a writer may say that she is going to consider the literature on a certain topic from three different perspectives. The reader will then be fine with three independent sections without any explicit transitions between them).
One simple piece of advice for section transitions: do not rely on the section headings to accomplish the transition for you. As a rule of thumb, I suggest reading through section (and sub-section) headings as though they were not there. Not that they should actually be removed, but rather that the author should make sure that transitions are accomplished in the text, not through headings.
Originally published February 23, 2011
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