Monday, January 20, 2014
Philosopher Daniel Dennett Presents Seven Tools for Critical Thinking
by Josh Jones, Open Culture: http://www.openculture.com/2013/05/philosopher_daniel_dennett_presents_seven_tools_for_critical_thinking.html
Josh Jones is a writer and musician based in Washington, DC. Follow him @jdmagnessLove him or hate him, many of our readers may know enough about Daniel C. Dennett to have formed some opinion of his work.
While Dennett can be a soft-spoken, jovial presence, he doesn’t suffer fuzzy thinking or banal platitudes - what he calls “deepities” - lightly.
Whether he’s explaining (or explaining away) consciousness, religion, or free will, Dennett’s materialist philosophy leaves little-to-no room for mystical speculation or sentimentalism.
So it should come as no surprise that his latest book, Intuition Pumps And Other Tools for Thinking, is a hard-headed how-to for cutting through common cognitive biases and logical fallacies.
In a recent Guardian article, Dennett excerpts seven tools for thinking from the new book. Having taught critical thinking and argumentation to undergraduates for years, I can say that his advice is pretty much standard fare of critical reasoning.
But Dennett’s formulations are uniquely - and bluntly - his own. Below is a brief summary of his seven tools.
1. Use Your Mistakes
Dennett’s first tool recommends rigorous
intellectual honesty, self-scrutiny, and trial and error. In typical
fashion, he puts it this way: “when you make a mistake, you should learn
to take a deep breath, grit your teeth and then examine your own
recollections of the mistake as ruthlessly and as dispassionately as you
can manage.” This tool is a close relative of the scientific method, in
which every error offers an opportunity to learn, rather than a chance
to mope and grumble.
2. Respect Your Opponent
Often known as reading in “good faith” or
“being charitable,” this second point is as much a rhetorical as a
logical tool, since the essence of persuasion involves getting people to
actually listen to you. And they won’t if you’re overly nitpicky,
pedantic, mean-spirited, hasty, or unfair. As Dennett puts it, “your
targets will be a receptive audience for your criticism: you have
already shown that you understand their positions as well as they do,
and have demonstrated good judgment.”
3. The “Surely” Klaxon
A “Klaxon” is a loud, electric horn - such
as a car horn - an urgent warning. In this point, Dennett asks us to treat
the word “surely” as a rhetorical warning sign that an author of an
argumentative essay has stated an “ill-examined ‘truism’” without
offering sufficient reason or evidence, hoping the reader will quickly
agree and move on. While this is not always the case, writes Dennett,
such verbiage often signals a weak point in an argument, since these
words would not be necessary if the author, and reader, really could be
“sure.”
4. Answer Rhetorical Questions
Like the use of “surely,” a rhetorical
question can be a substitute for thinking. While rhetorical questions
depend on the sense that “the answer is so obvious that you’d be
embarrassed to answer it,” Dennett recommends doing so anyway. He
illustrates the point with a Peanuts cartoon: “Charlie Brown had just
asked, rhetorically: ‘Who’s to say what is right and wrong here?’ and
Lucy responded, in the next panel: ‘I will.’” Lucy’s answer “surely”
caught Charlie Brown off-guard. And if he were engaged in genuine
philosophical debate, it would force him to re-examine his assumptions.
5. Employ Occam’s Razor
The 14th-century English philosopher William of Occam lent his name to this principle, which previously went by the name of lex parsimonious,
or the law of parsimony. Dennett summarizes it this way: “The idea is
straightforward: don’t concoct a complicated, extravagant theory if
you’ve got a simpler one (containing fewer ingredients, fewer entities)
that handles the phenomenon just as well.”
6. Don’t Waste Your Time on Rubbish
Displaying characteristic gruffness in his summary, Dennett’s sixth point expounds “Sturgeon’s law,”
which states that roughly “90% of everything is crap.” While he
concedes this may be an exaggeration, the point is that there’s no point
in wasting your time on arguments that simply aren’t any good, even, or
especially, for the sake of ideological axe-grinding.
7. Beware of Deepities
Dennett saves for last one of his favorite boogeymen, the “deepity,” a term he takes from computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum.
A deepity is “a proposition that seems both important and true - and
profound - but that achieves this effect by being ambiguous.” Here is
where Dennett’s devotion to clarity at all costs tends to split his
readers into two camps. Some think his drive for precision is an
admirable analytic ethic; some think he manifests an unfair bias against
the language of metaphysicians, mystics, theologians, continental and
post-modern philosophers, and maybe even poets. Who am I to decide?
(Don’t answer that).
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